I started using 10 Gbps for the backbone of my LAN in 2019. The affordability was pretty great even then. You just had to do a little research into what to buy on ebay.
I was getting used Mellanox ConnectX-2 cards for around $21-26 each. These each offered one SFP+ (10 Gbps) port.
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SFP+ fiber optic transceivers were around $8 each in multi-packs on ebay (best prices I've found since then were closer to $3 each).
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For switches I could have bought used enterprise gear for equally insane values (probably $200 or less for 24-48 ports of 10 Gbps, like you can still get today), but the power consumption and fan noise of old enterprise switches is ridiculous for small-scale home use. So I got Mikrotik switches instead.
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The price of these units has only gone up (but so has inflation, so meh).
That leaves fiber optic patch cables, which were and are actually priced similarly to cat6 ethernet cable, so no big deal there.